![]() Here, we propose how to select density on captive fish and monitor its potential effects integrating 1) solid welfare assessment based on operational welfare indicators and 2) good management practices. However, there is little doubt that stocking densities that are too low or too high can have negative impacts on welfare and/or production. Production density can be estimated quite accurately if the farmer has good biomass control and a known water volume, but it is difficult to set minimum and maximum stocking density levels that will protect welfare. Indeed, previously published recommendations on stocking density for different species of aquaculture interest are incredibly variable even at the same life stage, and can also vary widely within a rearing unit. This complex relationship between fish welfare, stocking density and influencing factors make it challenging to define a specific optimal (“golden”) stocking density. The effects of stocking density on fish welfare are complex and involve many interacting parameters. 4Department of Marine Ecology, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA–CSIC/UIB), Esporles, Spain.3MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA – Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal.2Fish Ethology and Welfare Group, Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Faro, Portugal. ![]() 1FishEthoGroup Association, Olhão, Portugal.
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